Перескажи на 15 предложений 1. The social sciences are academic disciplines that study human society and social relationships. They are concerned with discovering general…

Перескажи на 15 предложений 1. The social sciences are academic disciplines that study human society and social relationships. They are concerned with discovering general principles describing how societies function and are organized. The social sciences include anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. 2. Economics is a social science because its approach to studying human society is based on the scientific method. It is a social science because it deals with human society and behavior, and particularly those aspects concerned with how people organize their activities and how they behave in order to satisfy their needs and wants. 3. Human beings have very many needs and wants. Some of these are satisfied by physical objects and others by non-physical activities. All the physical objects people need and want are called goods (food, clothing, houses, books, computers, cars, televisions, refrigerators and so on); the non-physical activities are called services (education, health care, entertainment, travel, banking, insurance and many more). 4. The study of economics arises because people’s needs and wants are unlimited. Whereas some individuals may be satisfied with the goods and services they have or can buy, most would prefer to have more. 5. They would like to have more and better computers, cars, educational services, transport services, housing, recreation, travel and so on; the list is endless. 6. Yet it is not possible for societies and the people within them to produce or buy all the things they want. Why is this so? It is because there are not enough resources. Resources are the inputs used to produce goods and services wanted by people. They include things like human labor, machines and factories, and “gifts of nature” like agricultural land and metals inside the earth. Resources do not exist in unlimited abundance: they are scarce, or limited and insufficient in relation to unlimited uses that people have for them. 7. Scarcity is a very important concept in economics. It arises whenever there is not enough of something in relation to the need for it. For example, we could say that food is scarce in poor countries. Or we could say that clean air is scarce in a polluted city. In economics, scarcity is especially important in describing the condition of insufficient resources, because the scarcity of resources causes scarcity in goods and services. Defining scarcity, we can therefore say that: Scarcity is the condition in which available resources are not enough to produce everything that human beings need and want. 8. It follows that societies face a fundamental problem, which is the conflict between unlimited human needs and wants on the one hand, and limited or scarce resources on the other. The subject of economics is how to best resolve this conflict. 9. The conflict between unlimited needs and wants, and scarce resources has an important consequence. Since people can’t have everything they want, they must make choices. The classic example of a choice forced on society by resource scarcity is that of “guns or butter”, or more realistically the choice between producing defence goods (guns, weapons, tanks) or food: more defence goods mean less food, while more food means fewer defence goods. Societies must choose how much of each they want to have. Note that if there were no resource scarcity, a choice would not be necessary, since society could produce as much of each as was desired. But resource scarcity forces the society to make a choice between available alternatives. Economics is therefore a study of choices. 10. The conflict between unlimited needs and wants, and scarce resources has a second important consequence. Since resources are scarce, it is important to avoid waste in how they are used. If resources are not used effectively and are wasted, they will end up producing less; or they may end up producing goods and services that people don’t really want or need. Economics must try to find how best to use scarce resources so that waste can be avoided. Defining economics, we can therefore say that: Economics is the study of choices leading to the best possible use of scarce resources in order to best satisfy unlimited human needs and wants. 11. As you can see from this definition of economics, economists study the world from a social perspective, with the objective of determining what is in society’s best interests.