ACADEMIC LANGUAGE anguage Reference page 181 24.3 The structure of definitions (1) Noun + prepositional phrase One of the most common ways to define something in academic writing is to use a prepositional phrase. For example: meeting is on event for making decisions. P Psychology is the scientific study of the mind. The sentences can be divided into four main parts. Term being defined verb determiner / adj + head noun prepositional phrase to show specific feature for making decisions. of the mind. A meeting an event Psychology S the scientific study Read sentences 1-5 and identify: a the term being defined bthe head noun c the prepositional phrase. 1Awrench is a metal tool for holding and turning objects. 2 Persistence is the state of continuing to try to do something despite difficulties. 3 Apension is afinancial product for saving and investing money for old age. 1 Physiology is the scientific study of the normal function of living things. 5 Efficiency is the quality of doing something well with no waste of time or money. A ACADEMIC LaNGUage .anguage Reference page 181 24.4 The structure of definitions (2) Noun relative clause In academic writing, relative clauses are often'used in definitions. The relative pronoun (wha, whose, which. that can change depending on what you are defining. For people, use who or that: People who are motivated to learn are often the most successful language leorners. Athletes that set achievable goals typically enhance their performance. For most things or ideas, use that or which. Also companies that use money as a sole means to motivate their staff may find it difficult to keep them. Teams which use a sports psychologist often have a more positive mental attitude. For people and certain things. use whose (possessive): Companies whose managers are not oware of employee motivation are less Inikely to be successful Read sentences 1-6 and identify the relative clause. Example:Students who read.a lot often increase their vocabulary quickly. 1A psychologist is a scientist who studies and is trained in psychology. 2 A hierarchy is a system which organizes people into different levels of importance from highest to lowest. 3 Management that is effective includes everyone in the decision-making process. 4 Learners who are not motivated are likely to progress more slowly. 5 An opponent that is weaker than you is unlikely to motivate you to win. 6 Agoalis something which you hope to achieve. ACADEMIC LANGUAGE Lan Referene 81 The structure of definitions (2) Noun + relative clause In academic writing, relative clauses are often'used in definitions. The relative pronoun (who. whose. which. that) can change depending on what you are defining For people. use who or that People who are motivated to leorn are often the most successful language leorners. Athletes that set achievable goals typicaly enhance their performance. For most things or ideas. use that or which Also companies that use money as a sole means to motivate their stoff may find it difficult to keep them. Teoms which use a sports psychologist often have a more positive mentol attitude. For people and certain things, use whose (possessive) Companies whose managers are not aware of employee motivation are less likely to be successful 2 Match 1-5 with a-e to make a sentence including a relative clause. I need to borrow the book about motivation - An employee Strangely, a member of staff 1 Sports psychology is a topie area 5 The learner a whose job is under threat is unlikely to work harder. b who has both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is more likely to succeed. c which involves analysis of how the mind affects performance. d that our tutor recommended e who feels no motivation to do well will usually underperform.