The cardiovascular system Vocabulary Read the text A.  The cardiovascular system is the system of blood circulation. By the cardiovascular system we mean the heart, the arteries, the veins and the capillaries of the human body The heart is one of the most important organs in the human body. It is nothing but a muscular pump which pumps blood throughout the body. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers of tissue. A serous membrane, the pericardium, forms the outer covering of the heart. The middle layer, the myocardium is the heart muscle proper. This consists of specialized cardiac muscle fibres. Internally the heart is lined throughout with a serous membrane, the endocardium. The heart works as two pumps. The right side pumps blood to the lungs, or the pulmonary circulation, at the same time the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body, or the systemic circulation. The right atrium contracts and forces the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts and pumps the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. This takes the blood to the lungs where the blood releases carbon dioxide and receives a new supply of oxygen. The oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium, which contracts and pumps the blood out to the body via the aorta, which then branches to arteries that carry oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The action of the heart is effected by rhythmic contractions of the muscle, and the valves ensure that the blood is propelled in the right direction. The impulse that starts the heartbeat has its origin in an area of the right atrium - the sinoatrial (S-A) node.   Task 1 Слова записать в тетрадь перевести.  Look through the textagain and find sentences about the functions of some parts of the heart (1-7). Example: The pericardium forms the outer covering of the heart. 1. The myocardium - 2. The endocardium - 3. The septum - 4. The atrium - 5. The ventricle - 6. The valves  - 7. The sino-atrial node - B. Translate the sentences. Task 2.  Join the two parts from the table to make complete sentences. (If you are not sure, you can find the sentences in the text.) Task 3. Check your knowledge of the anatomy of the heart and complete the outline of the text, which will be a summary (a brief overview of the main points) of the text "The Heart". 1. The heart is a ... 2. The wall of the heart is made up of ... a) the pericardium b)_ c)_ 3. The cavity of the heart is divided into .... 4. Each side contains two chambers: 1)_ 2)_ 5. The heart works as two pumps. 6. The right side pumps the blood to ... 7. The left side ... 8. The heartbeat has its origin in an area ...   Task 4. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate numerals according to the context of each sentence. (The first sentence is done for you.) 1. The heart pumps blood round two circuits: the pulmonary and the systemic. 2. There are ... chambers in the heart: two atria and two ventricles. 3. Each side of the heart contains ... chambers: the atrium and the ventricle. 4. There are ... valves in the heart: the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve, the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve. 5. There are ... kinds of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. 6. ... layers of tissue form the heart wall: the pericardium forms the outer surface; the myocardium makes up the main part of the wall; the endocardium forms the inner surface. Task 5. Переведите на английский язык. 1. Сердечно-сосудистая система включает сердце, артерии, вены и капилляры.   2. Кровь возвращается к сердцу по венам (посредством вен).   3. Правая и левая части сердца состоят из двух камер: предсердия и желудочка.  4. При сокращении левого желудочка кровь проталкивается в аорту. 5. Стенки капилляров такие тонкие, что питательные вещества и кислород проходят через них в ткани.           BLOOD  The formed elements of blood Text B  Leucocytes. About 65 per cent of all white cells are leucocytes. Their protoplasm contains granules. One characteristic of leucocytes is the irregular, or lobed, appearance of the nucleus. The life span1(продолжительность жизни) of a leucocyte is short, from four to twelve days.  The function of leucocytes is primarily that of protection against infection. After the skin is pierced and the wound becomes infected, leucocytes from all the body are attracted to this place. Lymphocytes. These cells, which comprise about 35 per cent of the white cells, have a nucleus which practically fills the cell. They are produced in lymph nodes scattered throughout the body; the tonsils are examples of lymph nodes. They live only a few hours after they leave the blood stream.   1. Переведите на английский язык. 1. Лейкоциты составляют около 65% всех белых клеток. 2. Около 45% лейкоцитов имеют ядра, состоящие из трех долек. 3. Лимфоциты составляют около 35% белых клеток. 4. Они вырабатываются в лимфатических узлах, разбросанных по всему телу. 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык 1. One of the most important functions served by blood cells is the ingestion of foreign particles. 2. The blood is not the only fluid transporting material to different parts of the body. 3. The blood plasma contains among other things a soluble protein known as fibrinogen. 4. Blood and lymph are composed of cells dispended and carried within a watery fluid. 5. Leucocytes are divided into two major types: granulocytes, containing large granules in their cytoplasm and granulocytes lacking granules in their cytoplasm. temple - висок   Text 1.    Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) affect your heart and blood vessels. Some of the adults have at least one form of heart disease. What is cardiovascular disease? Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases affecting your heart and blood vessels. These diseases can affect one or many parts of your heart and/or blood vessels. A person may be symptomatic (physically experiencing the disease) or asymptomatic (not feeling anything at all).   There are many different types of cardiovascular diseases, including but not limited to: Arrhythmia [əˈrɪðmɪə]:Problem with your heart’s electrical conduction system, which can lead to abnormal heart rhythms or heart rates. Valve [vælv] disease: Tightening or leaking in your heart valves  (structures that allow blood to flow from one chamber to another chamber or blood vessel). Coronary artery [ˈkɒrənərɪ ˈɑːtərɪ]  disease: Problem with your heart’s blood vessels, such as blockages [ˈblɒkɪʤ].     Heart failure [hɑːt ˈfeɪljə]: Problem with heart pumping/relaxing functions, leading to fluid buildup and shortness of breath. Peripheral  [pəˈrɪfərəl] artery disease: Issue with the blood vessels of your arms, legs or abdominal organs, such as narrowing or blockages. Aortic [eɪˈɔːtɪk] disease: Problem with the large blood vessel that directs blood from your heart to your brain and the rest of your body, such as dilatation or aneurysm[ˈænjʊrɪz(ə)m]. Congenital heart [kənˈʤenɪtl hɑːt] disease: Heart issue that you’re born with, which can affect different parts of your heart. Pericardial [perɪˈkɑːdɪəl] disease:  Problem with the lining [ˈlaɪnɪŋ] of your heart, including pericarditis and pericardial effusion. Symptoms of heart issues [ˈɪʃuː] Chest pain (angina[ænˈʤaɪnə]) Chest pressure, heaviness or discomfort  [dɪsˈkʌmfət] , sometimes described as a “belt around the chest” or a “weight on the chest.” Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Dizziness or fainting. Fatigue [fəˈtiːg] or exhaustion [ɪgˈzɔːsʧən]. Упражнение 1. True or False. 1. Symptom of heart issue is a problem with the large blood vessel. 2. Coronary artery is a problem with your heart’s blood vessels. 3. Aortic disease is a problem with heart pumping. 4. Arrhythmia is a problem with your heart’s electrical conduction system.   Читать и переводить текст. Text 2. Hypertension Hypertension simply means high blood pressure. As a normal heart pumps blood through the body, a certain degree of pressure is excreted against the blood vessels. With each beat of the left ventricle, a wave of pressure starts at the heart and travels along the arteries. This wave is called the pulse. The pulse can be felt on any arteries that are close to the surface of the body, such as on the wrist, the sides of the throat and the temple. The pulse results from the blood pressure. The blood pressure at the moment of contraction is the systolic pressure; it should normally be sufficient to displace about 120 mm. mercury in a glass tube. The blood pressure at the moment of relaxation of the heart is the diastolic pressure; it normally displaces about 80 mm. of mercury. Blood pressure readings, which are frequently taken during a general physical examination are presented as a ratio of the first figure over the second. Most physiologists consider the blood pressure reading of 150/90 as excessive. This can be considered a useful definition of high blood pressure. Hypertension is very common. It is believed that about one out of every five individuals suffers from it and that about 13 per cent of all deaths are a direct result of it. Recently hypertension has become more common with increasing age and now it affects men about twice as often as women. In about 90 per cent of the known cases, it has been described as essential hypertension, a hereditary condition. In other cases it may be due to the removal of a kidney, kidney disease, excessive narrowing of the arteries, hormone imbalance, or excessive salt in the diet. It has been known for many years that hypertension is damaging for two reasons: 1) it puts an excess work load on the heart and the left ventricle in particular; 2) the arteries may be damaged by excessive pressure. A hypertensive patient tends to develop cardiovascular ailments much sooner than a person who has not suffered from hypertension. Упражнение 1. True or False 1. a certain degree of pressure is not excreted against the blood vessels. 2. Blood pressure readings are presented as a ratio of the first figure over the second. 3. This can’t be considered a useful definition of high blood pressure. 4. In other cases it may be due to the removal of a kidney, kidney disease, excessive narrowing of the arteries, hormone imbalance, or excessive salt in the diet. 5. A hypertensive patient tends to develop cardiovascular ailments much sooner than a person who has suffered from hypertension.   Упражнение 2.  Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания. to recover sight (hearing, voice, one's breath, consciousness); deadborn; to experience pain; an obstruction in the throat   ДОМАШНЕЕ ЗАДАНИЕ   Text 3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Абзацы 2 и 3 переведите письменно 1. The coronary blood vessels surrounding the heart have derived their name from the fact that they encircle the heart like a crown, or corona. These vessels transport almost a half pint of blood every minute over the surface of the heart. Any sudden blockage of one of the coronary arteries deprives that section of the heart of its blood supply. Cardiac cells die, heart contractions may cease, and circulation may come to a standstill. If a coronary artery is completely plugged, the condition is called a coronary occlusion or heart attack. The vascular pathologic disorder itself has been very variable. If the obstruction is only partial or in one of the smaller coronary tributaries, prompt treatment often leads to the individual's recovery. An occlusion in main coronary arteries is very serious and may cause sudden death. Other causes of the coronary disease in- nary occlusion or heart attack. The vascular pathologic disorder itself has been very variable. If the obstruction is only partial or in one of the smaller coronary tributaries, prompt treatment often leads to the individual's recovery. An occlusion in main coronary arteries is very serious and may cause sudden death. Other causes of the coronary disease include heavy physical exercise, aging, dietary habits, obesity, smoking, or hypertension. Fig. 14. Coronary arteries supplying the heart 2. Pain which had been developed in the heart may be due to a bloodflow deficiency in the coronary vessels. This is referred to (actually felt in) the left arm and shoulder. Such pain from the heart has been called angina pectoris. Angina pectoris may not actually be noticed until the work load is too great in relation to the flow in the coronary vessels. People who had experienced it repeatedly often do not feel pain unless they experience strong emotion. Others experience it much of the time. 3. Fortunately, the great majority of coronary disease patients will have recovered and have been able to lead active, useful lives, when they receive proper treatment under good medical supervision. There are many preparations which have been effective and are under clinical investigation at the present time. . Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и прочтите их. 1. What kinds of cardiovascular diseases have been discribed in text A? 2. What does the sudden blockage of the coronary artery result in? 3. What are the conditions caused by coronary occlusion? 4. What is angina pectoris? What do people experience in this condition? 5. Why heart and artery diseases have been recently the number one health problem in the world? Упражнение 4. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова в данные предложения: fortunately, approximately, also. 1. ... , the great majority of coronary disease patients recover and are able to lead active, useful lives if they receive proper treatment under good medical supervision. 2. ... one fourth of all deaths in the world result from coronary artery disease. 3. ... it is estimated that more than one out of every ten persons suffers some degree of insufficiency of blood supply to the heart.