Просмотрите текст А и скажите, какие органы брюшной полости описаны в данном тексте. Text A. The Abdomen The abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. The organs of the abdominal…

Просмотрите текст А и скажите, какие органы брюшной полости описаны в данном тексте. Text A. The Abdomen The abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. The organs of the abdominal cavity are the liver, the gall-bladder, the stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys and the bladder. The stomach lies under the left ribs and extends across to the right. It is known that its smaller end situates in the epigastrium. The stomach serves as a container of food, which is partly digested in it. The size and shape of the stomach vary with any amount of food that is consumed and the extent of contraction of its wall. The stomach when it is filled with food is usually compared with a chemical retort. Its capacity is some 1-2 litres. The intestines («internal» - Latin) occupy chiefly the central portions of the abdominal cavity. From the stomach the food passes in small portions into the small intestine where it undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes. As the contents of the small intestine cannot move back they may freely pass into the large intestine. The «small» and «large» refers to the width, rather than the length. The small intestine is only 1.5 to 2 inches in diameter at the point where it leaves the stomach and it narrows somewhat thereafter. The large intestine is up to 2.5 inches wide. Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста А. 1. The liver plays a very important part in the vital activity of the organism. It secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver. 2: From the stomach the food passes in small portions into the small intestine where it undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes. 3. The small intestine is only 1.5 to 2 inches in diameter at the point where it leaves the stomach and it narrows somewhat thereafter. Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите ответы. 1. Where is the largest cavity of the body situated? 2. What organs does the abdominal cavity contain? 3. What are the characteristics of the stomach? 4. How do we distinguish «small» and «large» intestines? Oesophagus [iːˈsɒfəgəs] – пищевод visceral [ˈvɪsərəl] - висцеральный peritoneum [perɪtəʊˈniːəm] - брюшина parietal [pəˈraɪət] -. теменный Text В The Digestive System The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and digestive glands. The digestive tract is some 8-10 m long and is divided into the following parts: oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The structures of the different parts of the tract have some special features. The wall of the greater part of the digestive tract consists of three coats: internal - mucous, middle - muscular, and the external - serous. The mucous coat is lined with the epithelium outside which is a connective tissue with a thin layer of smooth muscle fibres. The mucous coat is pink in colour because it has many blood vessels. The numerous small glands in this coat secrete a viscous coat of the digestive tract. It facilitates the movement of food and protects the mucous coat from the damage by solid particles of food and various chemical substances. One must remember that the mucous coat of the digestive tract begins with the esophagus, contains lymph nodules which also have a protective function. The greater part of the muscular coat of the digestive tract consists of two layers: an internal layer with circular muscle fibres and an external layer with longitudinal muscle fibres. The wall of the pharynx and the superior part of the esophagus, and the tongue and the soft palate all contain striated muscle tissue. It is the muscular coat of the other parts of the digestive tract that consists of smooth muscle tissue. Contractions of the muscular coat move food along the digestive tract. The serous coat that covers the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity is called the peritoneum [perɪtəʊˈniːəm]. The peritoneum has two layers, visceral and parietal. In the esophagus the serous layer is lacking and the outer coat is fibrous in nature. The digestive glands secrete digestive juices that contain enzymes and some other substances which take part in the chemical processes of digestion. In addition to the small glands in the mucous coat of the digestive tract, there are also large glands: the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas. Though these glands are situated outside the digestive tract, they communicate with it through ducts. Any part of the digestive tract and the digestive glands are equipped with nerve fibres and their endings. The nerves of the digestive glands regulate the secretion of digestive juices. It is known that the nervous system not only regulates the activity of each organ, but also coordinates their activities. Упражнение1. Найти в тексте перевод предложений. Записать в тетрадь. 1. Помимо мелких желез в слизистой оболочке пищеварительного тракта есть и крупные железы: слюнные железы, печень и поджелудочная железа. 2. Пищеварительная система состоит из пищеварительного тракта и пищеварительных желез. 3. Пищеварительный тракт делится на следующие части: ротовая полость, глотка, пищевод, желудок, тонкая кишка и толстая кишка. 4. слизистая оболочка пищеварительного тракта начинается с пищевода, содержит лимфатические узелки, которые также имеют защитную функцию. 5.Серозная оболочка, покрывающая органы пищеварения в брюшной полости, называется брюшиной. 6. Пищеварительные железы выделяют пищеварительные соки, которые содержат ферменты и некоторые другие вещества, участвующие в химических процессах пищеварения. Упражнение 2. True or False 1. The serous coat that covers the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity is called the peritoneum. 2. In addition to the small glands in the mucous coat of the аbdomen ( digestive tract), there are also large glands. 3. The digestive system consists of the digestive tract, digestive glands and the аbdomen. 4. The wall of the greater part of the digestive tract consists of two (three) coats. 5. The mucous coat is pink in colour because it has many blood vessels. ДОМАШНЯЯ РАБОТА. Читаем текст и переводим. Выполняем упражнения после текста Заболевания пищеварительной системы. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DESEASES: GASTRITIS Gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach) is one of the most common stomach disorders, and occurs in acute, chronic, and toxic forms. Acute gastritis is caused by food poisoning, excessive intake of alcoholic beverages, overeating, or bacterial or viral infection, and often accompanied by enteritis. The outstanding symptom of acute gastritis is abdominal pain. There is a feeling of distention, with loss of appetite, nausea. There may be slight fever and vomiting. Chronic gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach that may occur repeatedly or continue over a period of time. Although pain, especially after eating, and symptoms associated with indigestion may occur in chronic gastritis, most patients are asymptomatic. Among its possible causes are vitamin deficiencies, abnormalities of the gastric juice, ulcers, excessive use of alcohol, or a combination of any of these. Toxic gastritis results from ingestion of a corrosive substance such as a strong acid or poison. There is an acute burning sensation and cramping stomach pain accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting. The vomitus may be bloody. The victim may collapse. This condition is an emergency and immediate measures must be taken to prevent serious damage to the tissues of the stomach. А. Find in the text the definition(определение) of gastritis and list its symptoms. Gastritis is … Symptoms: ... В. Read the transcriptions given below. Write down the transcribed words in your notebooks and find their meanings in the dictionary. С. Find in the text English equivalents for the following expressions: 1) воспаление оболочки 7) нарушения состава желудочного сока 2) распространенные заболевания 8) едкое вещество 3) встречается в нескольких формах 9) ощущение жжения 4) основной симптом 10) спазматическая боль 5) чрезмерное потребление 11) принять срочные меры 6) происходят постоянно 12) предотвратить повреждение. D. Write down the following sentences in your notebook and complete them with the words from the text "Gastritis": 1. Acute gastritis is often... by enteritis. 2. There may be ... fever and vomiting. 3. Chronic gastritis may ... over a period of time. 4. Pain ... with indigestion may occur in chronic gastritis. 5. The vomitus may be ... 6. This condition is an … 7. The victim may … E. Translate the sentences into Russian 1. Gastritis is one of the most common stomach disorders and occurs in acute, chronic, and toxic forms. 2. Chronic gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach that may occur repeatedly or continue over a period of time. 3. Although pain may occur in chronic gastritis, most patients are asymptomatic. 4. There is an acute burning sensation and cramping stomach pain, accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting. 5. This condition is an emergency and immediate measures must be taken to prevent serious damage to the tissues of the stomach. F. Put the following sentences in the logical order to make the summary of the text "Gastritis". 1. This condition is an emergency. 2. It occurs in acute, chronic, and toxic forms. 3. Possible causes of chronic gastritis are vitamin deficiencies, abnormalities of gastric juices, ulcers, excessive use of alcohol, or a combination of any of these. 4. Toxic gastritis results from ingestion of a corrosive substance such as a strong acid or poison. 5. Inflammation of the lining of the stomach is one of the most common stomach disorders. 6. The outstanding symptom of acute gastritis is abdominal pain.