Классная работа Занятие 12 First aid for bruises A bruise is a closed injury to tissues without violating their integrity. Contusion refers to injuries of minor and moderate…

Классная работа Занятие 12 First aid for bruises A bruise is a closed injury to tissues without violating their integrity. Contusion refers to injuries of minor and moderate severity and, as a rule, in such cases, first aid is sufficient, although there may be exceptions. Thus, severe injuries to the head (brain), internal organs, eyes, spine, chest and abdomen can pose a health hazard. There is one difficulty - immediately after a bruise, especially a severe one, it is not always possible to quickly and correctly determine the severity of the injury. What at first seemed like a bruise may be a fracture or fracture of a bone, or a rupture of internal organs, or a concussion. That is why first aid for bruises must be provided correctly, and in any doubtful cases it is necessary to seek medical help at the emergency room or trauma department of the nearest hospital. Signs of injury The first and main signs of a bruise are pain and swelling in the injured area. The pain is intense, but short-term, however, as the edema increases, the painful sensations resume and intensify, which is explained by the compression of the nerve endings. The pain from a bruise can be very long - we are talking about weeks, and sometimes months, depending on the anatomical location of the injured area of the body. A common consequence of a bruise is the appearance of a hematoma - a subcutaneous hemorrhage resulting from a ruptured blood vessel. A hematoma should not always be regarded as a harmless bruise - hematomas of the brain and internal organs can be extremely dangerous, the situation is aggravated by the fact that their quick diagnosis is not always possible. Late signs of bruising include restriction or dysfunction of the affected area of the body. So, with a severe injury of the joint, movement in it is often limited or becomes completely impossible, with a bruise of the eyes, the victims often note a decrease in vision, etc. First aid for injury is not difficult - you need to apply cold to the affected area and immobilize it for a while. Cold will help reduce swelling, and therefore pain, it should be applied as soon as possible. The classic first aid tool in this case is an ice pack (ice packs are sold in pharmacies). If this is not at hand, it can be successfully replaced with any other cold object, for example, a bottle of water from the refrigerator, a bag of frozen vegetables, a towel dipped in cold water, etc. It would be useful to apply a pressure bandage. Its purpose is also to prevent edema and reduce possible hematoma. In the case of intense pain, it is permissible to take an anesthetic, but this can be done only when there is absolute confidence that the injury that occurred is a bruise and nothing else. In all other cases, you should refrain from taking analgesics until a medical examination, otherwise the symptoms can be distorted - the injury will seem easier than it really is. If there is no certainty that it was a bruise that has occurred, it is necessary to seek medical help from an emergency room or hospital, since it is highly likely that an X-ray will be required. Features of first aid for bruises of various localization Depending on where the injured site is located, first aid may vary somewhat. In case of a bruised eyeball, before applying cold, it is necessary to apply a sterile (or at least simply clean) bandage to the eye and immediately transport the victim to the hospital. The bruised eye quickly swells and closes, and only a specialist can diagnose it, having accurately determined the nature and severity of the injury. If the injury is severe, the sooner specialized care is provided, the more likely it is to preserve all eye functions. First aid for a head injury should include express diagnostics for a possible concussion. The loss of consciousness that has occurred after a bruise, even a short-term one, is a reliable sign of a concussion, but if the loss of consciousness did not occur, this does not mean that everything worked out. The following symptoms may indicate a concussion: Nausea and / or vomiting soon after the injury has occurred Headache, dizziness, tinnitus; Pain with eye movement; Pallor of the skin, sweating, hot flushes (feeling of heat in the head, limbs); Disorientation in space; Inhibition of reactions, answers out of place, difficulty concentrating; Temperature rise. There is a simple test that can quickly and effectively determine if a concussion is present: ask the victim to follow your finger as you move in front of their face. If there is no concussion, the eyes will move smoothly; if there is, there will be movement disorders (twitching, interruption, etc.). Concussion requires medical attention. In this case, until the arrival of the doctor or the delivery of the victim to the hospital (emergency room), he should not be left alone, as the condition may worsen at any time. In case of severe bruises of the spine, chest and abdominal cavity, it is necessary to seek medical help if any deviation in the state of health appears after the injury: impaired motor or sensory function, faintness, weakness, cold sweat, fainting, shortness of breath, shortness of breath, etc.. P. Folk remedies such as starch, cabbage compresses with honey or onions will help get rid of bruises. In case of severe pain and swelling, you need to see a doctor What are the most effective ointments for bruises, bruises and swelling? Those that are selected taking into account the nature of the damage, its duration and individual characteristics Задания к тексту: 1. Перевести текст First aid for injury. 2. Составить 10 вопросов к тексту. 3. Выписать 5 предложений, пропустив в них слова. 4. Составить 6 предложений с True – False Text. Прочитать, перевести и составить краткое содержание каждого раздела (я вам выделила в первом разделе как пример, что нужно записать в тетрадь в виде краткого содержания). 1. Since trauma, and thus bleeding due to it, can happen anywhere and anytime, every adult/ nurse should know how to provide first aid for bleeding. Types of bleeding and their features Depending on the type of injured vessel, the following types of bleeding are distinguished: Arterial; Venous; Capillary. Also, bleeding is distinguished by location. The hands are most often injured - upper limb bleeding is the most common type. In second place are leg injuries, in third place are nosebleeds. The most dangerous type is bleeding of internal organs, since it is difficult to notice them in time, it is even more difficult to keep the situation under control. Below we will consider the principles of first aid for arterial, venous, nasal and internal bleeding. 2. First aid for arterial and venous bleeding Many vaguely remember that first aid for arterial bleeding consists in applying a tourniquet to the vessel, but few know how to do it correctly. Doctors warn: the imposition of a tourniquet can be no less dangerous than the loss of blood, an ineptly applied tourniquet can lead to the need for limb amputation, and, alas, it often does. How to provide first aid for arterial bleeding without causing harm? Remember, when a large artery is injured, there is little time left, only 3-5 minutes. The algorithm of actions is as follows: Do not rinse or in any other way try to disinfect the wound, do not remove small fragments that have got there; Apply a pressure bandage as follows: apply a sterile bandage or a clean cloth folded in several layers directly to the wound (it is advisable that the dressing be sterile, if one is not at hand, use any). Place another roller made of fabric on top. Then everything is tightly bandaged, after which the limb must be placed above the level of the body. If done correctly, bleeding should stop; If there is nothing at hand that could serve as a dressing, you can try to stop the bleeding by maximally flexing the joint located above the wound; 3. First aid for bleeding and injuries using a tourniquet. This method is resorted to in the event that it was not possible to stop the blood in another way. The rules are as follows: A tourniquet (or any long piece of rubber, for example a rubber hose) is applied 5-7 sm above the wound, but not on bare skin, but on the fabric that should be wrapped around the limb, it can be on the sleeve or leg; After stretching the tourniquet, apply it in several turns without gaps between them, the first is not too tight, each subsequent turn is tighter. A sign of a correctly applied tourniquet is the stop of bleeding; The tourniquet should not be applied too tightly so as not to injure the nerves. If severe pain arises from the tourniquet, press the injured vessel with your finger, and remove the tourniquet, give the victim a break from the tourniquet, then apply again; It is imperative to record the application time of the harness! This is an extremely important condition that can save a person from possible disability. It is advisable to write the time of the tourniquet application with a pen directly on the victim's skin or clothing. The maximum time a tourniquet can be applied is one and a half to two hours in summer and one hour in winter. During this time, the patient must be taken to the hospital, if this is not possible, and the time has expired, the tourniquet must be very carefully and slowly removed, if bleeding has resumed, press the vessel with a finger above the wound. First aid for venous bleeding occurs according to a similar algorithm, the only difference is that the vessel should be pressed below the wound. 4. First aid for nosebleeds As a rule, nosebleeds are not life-threatening, although they look intimidating. However, blood loss can be significant. To prevent this, you need to take the following actions: A small cotton swab, bandage, napkin or handkerchief should be inserted into the nostril from which blood flows. The tampon should not hurt; The person must be seated, slightly tilting his head down. A common mistake is made by people who, as a first aid for nosebleeds, put a person on their back or make them throw their head back. This can cause blood to drain down the back of the throat; Put a cold compress or any cold object on the nose area; Slightly compress the wings of the nose. 5. First aid for internal bleeding Internal bleeding is difficult to recognize on your own. An indirect sign of it after an injury that has happened is a deterioration in a person's condition, pale skin, cold sweat that has emerged, darkening in the eyes. In this case, blood can be excreted with vomiting or with feces, but not necessarily. If you notice such signs, the following should be done as first aid for internal bleeding: With a chest injury, give a person a semi-sitting position, with an abdominal injury - recumbency; Provide fresh air supply; Apply cold to the stomach or chest; Forbid the victim to eat, drink, move and talk; Take the person to the hospital immediately. The last point is relevant not only for internal injuries. In case of massive blood loss, the main point of first aid for bleeding of any kind will be the delivery of the victim to the clinic for the provision of qualified medical care. Выполните упражнения. 1. Match the parts of the sentences and write down the text Many people 1 the bleeding as soon as possible. They may 2. you should raise the limbs. You should know that when the blood flows from the artery 3. get into different accidents. When the blood flows from the vein 4. put clean cloth over the wound and bandage it tightly. You should stop 5. it is scarlet. The simple method is to 6. you should put a cold compress on it. If the bleeding is from an arm or leg 7. make blood transfusions. If a person has nosebleed 8. have bleeding and need the first aid. In severe cases doctors 9. it is dark red. 2.Make up the word combinations 1.scarlet 2. blood 3. raise 4. have 5. get into 6. stop 7. bandage 8. put 9. need 10. severe a) a wound b) a compress c) blood d) the first aid e) the limbs f) cases g) the bleeding h) a nosebleed i) an accident j) transfusions 3. Answer the questions. Письменно в тетрадь, используя текст. 1. What blood flows from the artery and the vein? 2. What must you do to stop bleeding? 3. What should you do if a person has nosebleed (bleeding from the limbs)? 4. When do the doctors make blood transfusions? 4. Translate into English. 1. Лучший способ остановить кровотечение, 2. потеря крови, 3. чистая ткань, 4. поднятое положение, 5. кровотечение из носа, 6. холодный компресс, 7. остановить кровотечение, 8. тяжелый случай, 9. переливание крови.