The visual, dramatic, musical, and literary arts of Laos draw primarily from religious and local traditional sources. However, in contemporary times many towns- especially those…

The visual, dramatic, musical, and literary arts of Laos draw primarily from religious and local traditional sources. However, in contemporary times many towns- especially those along the Mekong River- have been exposed to other cultures and traditions, largely through Thai mass media. In the south, Khmer influences on the peoples of Laos are strong; in the north, Myanmar and Thai influences are readily apparent. As elsewhere in Southeast Asia, religious symbols, stories, and themes have been modified and localized. The snake, for example, representations of which adorn religious and royal buildings, symbolizes the benevolent spirit of the water and the protector of the king. Theravada Buddhism and Hinduism have been major influences on the cultural and intellectual life of Laos. The story of the Buddha and Hindu myths are the subjects of the carvings and sculptures found in all religious places. Dance dramas similarly have drawn many of their themes from ancient Indian epics, such as the Ramayana, that have religious significance. Such dramatic performances have historically marked religious celebrations and important holidays. The Laotian have a variety of regional and rural art forms, including weaving, basketmaking, wood and ivory carving, silverwork, and goldwork. There are a number of musical instruments that are characteristic of the rural Lao as well as the midland and upland minority communities. The most widely known of such instruments is the khene, a wood- and-bamboo mouth organ that is used by various rural peoples. Other instruments include assorted flutes, plucked and bowed lutes, drums, and cymbals. The country also has a wealth of regional vocal music traditions most of which are designated by some form of the term "khap" or ""lam" Performance of such vocal music often takes the form of a spirited battle of knowledge, wit, and art wit, and artistry between the sexes. Most music is not written down but is transmitted through oral tradition. Prior to 1975, Laos had a viable tradition of classical court music that was similar in sound and structure to styles associated with the royal courts of neighbouring Thailand and Cambodia. Instruments of the Lao classical ensemble were generally distinct from those of rural and regional traditions Among the most prominent melodic instruments of the classical ensemble were tuned circular sets of gongs (khong vong), xylophones (lanat), and a quadruple-reed wind instrument (pi kaeo). Following the establishment of the LPDR, classical music and its practitioners were considered to be antithetical to ideals of the new communist regime. The royal musicians and dancers from Louangphrabang emigrated as refugees and moved to the United States, where they were resettled as a group in Nashville, Tenn.; those from the Natasin School (also called National School of Dramatic Arts) near Vientiane similarly were sent to Des Moines, Iowa; those who remained in Laos retreated to the Laotian countryside. Only since the late 20" century has the classical music tradition begun to resurface as a positive emblem of Lao identity. Regular performances have been reinstated by local musicians at the Royal Palace Museum in Louangphrabang Laotian literature is predominantly religious and is linked to the Buddhist tradition. There is also a literary stream that, while secular, is based on themes of the Hindu epic poems; an example of this is the Laotian epic "The Sin Xay", written between the mid- 16th and the late 17th century. The most popular poems and songs are often satiric. 13)The visual, dramatic, musical, and literary arts of Laos include elements of other cultures 3) Not stated 1) True 2) False 14 In Laos, the snake is not a religious symbol. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated 15 The culture of Laos is influenced by Indian literature 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated 16 Some national musical instruments are uniquely of Laotian origin 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated 17 The Laotians invented a special system of fixing music. 3) Not stated 2) False 1) True 18 Since 1975 and up to the end of the century classical Laotian music flourished 1) True _2) False s 3) Not stated 19 Laotian literature is both religious and secular. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated