IX. Read and translate the additional text It was long ago, in the first half of the 16th century. Andreas Vesalius, the famous Spanish researcher and physician, was asked to…
IX. Read and translate the additional text It was long ago, in the first half of the 16th century. Andreas Vesalius, the famous Spanish researcher and physician, was asked to dissect the corpse of the man who had just died. It was necessary to find out why he had died. When the chest was opened all those present were horrified; they saw that the heart was still beating. Why was the heart of the corpse contracting? How could such a physician as A. Vesalius take the living man for a corpse? Vesalius couldn't answer the question either, as the level of medical knowledge was low at that time. People were able to answer this question only three centuries later. The fact is that there are some specific neuromuscular structures in the heart. The stimuli, on which the work of the heart depends, develop in these particular neuromuscular structures. They have a specific feature called automatism due to which the stimuli develop in those structures themselves but do not come from other regions of the nervous system. That is why the heart of a corpse can contract for some moments after death. Words: 1. researcher [ri's3:ǝ] исследователь 7. either ['aidǝ] - тоже 2. to dissect [dr'sekt] вскрыть 8. level ['lev(ə)l] - уровень 3. corpse [ko:ps] - труп 9. low [lǝ0] низкий 4. to die [dar] - умирать 10.to be able to [bi: eibl tu:] быть способным 5. to find out [faind aot] выяснять 11. neuromuscular [njoǝrǝo maskjolə] -нервно-мышечный 42 6. to be horrified [bi: 'horifaid] ужасаться 12. to depend on [di'pend on] зависеть 15.automatism автоматизм [ɔ:təmə təzəm] 13. to develop [di'velǝp] развиваться 14.particular [pə'tıkjulə] особый 16.due to [dju: tu:] благодаря, из-за X. Answer the following questions to the text "Life After Death" 1. What new did you learn from this text about Andreas Vesalius? 2. Why was Andreas Vesalius asked to dissect the corpse? 3. Why everyone thought that the man was alive? 4. Why did the heart beat if the man was dead? Control questions 1. Who is considered to be the founder of the modern anatomy and physiology? 2. Where did Andreas Vesalius study medicine? 3. When did A. Vesalius get the degree of Doctor of Medicine? 4. When was his most important book on human anatomy "On the Structure of the Human Body" written? 5. What books does his work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consist of? 6. What did A.Vesalius study on cadavers and how? 7. What did A. Vesalius determine and establish? 8. Who considered that the left and the right heart chambers were connected by the openings in the septum? 9. What did the Russian scientist Pavlov say about the works written by A. Vesalius?
To help you understand the text about Andreas Vesalius and answer the questions related to it, let's break it down step by step. Here's a detailed solution:
Summary of the Text
The text describes an event from the 16th century involving Andreas Vesalius, a well-known Spanish researcher and physician. He was tasked with dissecting a corpse to determine the cause of death. To everyone’s shock, the corpse's heart was still beating when it was opened. This realization raised questions about how a healthy-looking heart could still function post-mortem, reflecting the limited medical knowledge of that era. It was only later understood that the heart has specific neuromuscular structures that can generate impulses independently, allowing it to contract for a short period even after death.
Vocabulary Explanation
Familiarize yourself with key terms from the vocabulary list to enhance comprehension:
- Researcher - A person who investigates a subject meticulously.
- To dissect - To cut open a body for the purpose of study.
- Corpse - A dead body.
- To die - To cease living.
- To find out - To discover or learn information.
- To be horrified - To be extremely shocked or afraid.
- Either - Used to indicate a choice.
- Level - A measurement of something.
- Low - Not high or below average.
- To be able to - To have the capability.
- Neuromuscular - Relating to nerves and muscles.
- To depend on - To rely on.
- To develop - To evolve or progress.
- Particular - Specific or distinct.
- Automatism - A process operating automatically.
- Due to - Because of.
Answers to Questions
What new did you learn from this text about Andreas Vesalius?
- Andreas Vesalius is recognized as an important figure in the history of medicine, especially for his work on human anatomy. The text highlights that he conducted a dissection that revealed the heart beating after death, showcasing the limitations of medical knowledge during his time.
Why was Andreas Vesalius asked to dissect the corpse?
- He was asked to dissect the corpse to ascertain the cause of death of the man who had recently died.
Why did everyone think that the man was alive?
- The presence of a beating heart during the dissection led to the misconception that the man was still alive.
Why did the heart beat if the man was dead?
- The heart has specialized neuromuscular structures capable of generating impulses independently, allowing it to contract for a short time after death.
Control Questions Answers
Who is considered to be the founder of modern anatomy and physiology?
- Andreas Vesalius is regarded as the founder of modern anatomy and physiology.
Where did Andreas Vesalius study medicine?
- He studied medicine at the University of Padua in Italy.
When did A. Vesalius get the degree of Doctor of Medicine?
- He received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1537.
When was his most important book on human anatomy "On the Structure of the Human Body" written?
- It was published in 1543.
What books does his work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consist of?
- The work consists of seven books covering different aspects of human anatomy.
What did A. Vesalius study on cadavers and how?
- He conducted dissections on cadavers to provide accurate anatomical descriptions, challenging many established medical beliefs of his time.
What did A. Vesalius determine and establish?
- He established the importance of direct observation and dissection in the study of anatomy, correcting many inaccuracies in previous texts.
Who considered that the left and right heart chambers were connected by openings in the septum?
- Ancient anatomists, including Galen, held this belief until Vesalius disproved it.
What did the Russian scientist Pavlov say about the works written by A. Vesalius?
- Pavlov praised Vesalius's work for its precise study and impact on the understanding of anatomy.
Conclusion
By answering these questions and comprehending the text, you'll have a better grasp of both Andreas Vesalius's contributions and the historical context of his work in medicine. If you have any further questions or topics you'd like to clarify, feel free to ask!
Обсуждение
2 сообщенияIII. Read and translate the text ANDREAS VESALIUS Andreas Vesalius is one of the greatest anatomists. He was born in Brussels in the family of pharmacists in 1514. He studied medicine in France. In 1537 he got the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1538 his first scientific works in anatomy were published. In 1543 his most important book "On the structure of the human body" was written. It consists of seven books. The bones of the skeleton, the joints and cartilages were described in the first book, the muscles in the second, the vessels - in the third, the nerves in the fourth, the digestive tract-in the fifth, the heart and the respiratory system in the sixth, the brain in the seventh. In all his works Vesalius studied the anatomy of the human body on cadavers. He studied the structure of the inner organs of the human body taking into consideration their functions. Vesalius was the first scientist to give a proper description of the human skeleton. He determined that the right and the left ventricles of the heart were not connected. He also determined that there were no openings in the septum between the left and the right heart chambers. It was a great discovery. Before Vesalius all the scientists considered that the left and the right heart chambers were connected by the openings in the septum. His discovery opened the way to the discovery of pulmonary and systemic blood circulations in fature. Vesalius did much to establish new and exact anatomical terms. The Great Russian scientist Pavlov said that the works written by Vesalius. composed the first anatomy of the human body in which everything was based on scientific research work. IV. Guess the missing words and fill in the gaps 1. Andreas Vesalius was born in... in the family of... in..... 2. He studied in... and in... he got ..... 3. In 1543 his... was written. 4. He studied the structure of... taking into. 5. He determined that..... were not connected. 6. He determined that there were.... 7. This discovery opened the way to...... 8. A. Vesalius composed... in which everything was based on...... V. Fill in the right pre- and post-positions (into, on, of, before, between, in, by) 1. There are no openings the septum the left and the right heart chambers. 2. This discovery which was made A.Vesalius opened the way the discovery pulmonary and systemic blood circulations future 3. Studying the structure inner organs, A. Vesalius took functions. consideration their 4. The book the structure... the human body" was based... scientific work. 5. The most important book written A. Vesalius consisted... the description different parts... human body. 6. Vesalius all the scientists didn't know that the right and the left heart chambers were not connected... the openings... the septum.
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III. Translation of the Text
ANDREAS VESALIUS
Андреас Везалий — один из величайших анатомов. Он родился в Брюсселе в семье фармацевтов в 1514 году. Он изучал медицину во Франции. В 1537 году он получил степень доктора медицины. В 1538 году были опубликованы его первые научные работы по анатомии. В 1543 году была написана его самая важная книга «О строении человеческого тела». Она состоит из семи книг. В первой книге описаны кости скелета, в второй — мышцы, в третьей — сосуды, в четвертой — нервы, в пятой — пищеварительный тракт, в шестой — сердце и дыхательная система, в седьмой — мозг.
Во всех своих работах Везалий изучал анатомию человеческого тела на трупах. Он изучал структуру внутренних органов человеческого тела, принимая во внимание их функции. Везалий был первым ученым, который дал правильное описание человеческого скелета. Он установил, что правый и левый желудочки сердца не соединены. Он также определил, что между левыми и правыми камерами сердца нет отверстий в перегородке. Это было величайшее открытие. До Везалия все ученые считали, что левые и правые сердечные камеры связаны отверстиями в перегородке. Его открытие открыло путь к открытию легочного и системного кровообращения в будущем. Везалий сделал много для установления новых и точных анатомических терминов.
Великий русский ученый Павлов сказал, что работы, написанные Везалием, составили первую анатомию человеческого тела, в которой все было основано на научных исследованиях.
IV. Fill in the Gaps
- Andreas Vesalius was born in Brussels in the family of pharmacists in 1514.
- He studied medicine in France and in 1537 he got the degree of Doctor of Medicine.
- In 1543 his most important book was written.
- He studied the structure of the inner organs taking into consideration their functions.
- He determined that the right and left ventricles of the heart were not connected.
- He determined that there were no openings in the septum.
- This discovery opened the way to the discovery of pulmonary and systemic blood circulations in the future.
- A. Vesalius composed the first anatomy of the human body in which everything was based on scientific research.
V. Fill in the Right Pre- and Post-positions
- There are no openings in the septum between the left and the right heart chambers.
- This discovery which was made by A. Vesalius opened the way to the discovery of pulmonary and systemic blood circulations in future.
- Studying the structure of inner organs, A. Vesalius took into consideration their functions.
- The book "On the Structure of the Human Body" was based on scientific work.
- The most important book written by A. Vesalius consisted of the description of different parts of the human body.
- Vesalius and all the scientists didn't know that the right and the left heart chambers were not connected by the openings in the septum.
Conclusion
You have successfully filled in the gaps and completed the translation. If you need further assistance or have more tasks, feel free to ask!
