IX. Read and translate the additional text It was long ago, in the first half of the 16th century. Andreas Vesalius, the famous Spanish researcher and physician, was asked to dissect the corpse of the man who had just died. It was necessary to find out why he had died. When the chest was opened all those present were horrified; they saw that the heart was still beating. Why was the heart of the corpse contracting? How could such a physician as A. Vesalius take the living man for a corpse? Vesalius couldn't answer the question either, as the level of medical knowledge was low at that time. People were able to answer this question only three centuries later. The fact is that there are some specific neuromuscular structures in the heart. The stimuli, on which the work of the heart depends, develop in these particular neuromuscular structures. They have a specific feature called automatism due to which the stimuli develop in those structures themselves but do not come from other regions of the nervous system. That is why the heart of a corpse can contract for some moments after death. Words: 1. researcher [ri's3:ǝ] исследователь 7. either ['aidǝ] - тоже 2. to dissect [dr'sekt] вскрыть 8. level ['lev(ə)l] - уровень 3. corpse [ko:ps] - труп 9. low [lǝ0] низкий 4. to die [dar] - умирать 10.to be able to [bi: eibl tu:] быть способным 5. to find out [faind aot] выяснять 11. neuromuscular [njoǝrǝo maskjolə] -нервно-мышечный 42 6. to be horrified [bi: 'horifaid] ужасаться 12. to depend on [di'pend on] зависеть 15.automatism автоматизм [ɔ:təmə təzəm] 13. to develop [di'velǝp] развиваться 14.particular [pə'tıkjulə] особый 16.due to [dju: tu:] благодаря, из-за X. Answer the following questions to the text "Life After Death" 1. What new did you learn from this text about Andreas Vesalius? 2. Why was Andreas Vesalius asked to dissect the corpse? 3. Why everyone thought that the man was alive? 4. Why did the heart beat if the man was dead? Control questions 1. Who is considered to be the founder of the modern anatomy and physiology? 2. Where did Andreas Vesalius study medicine? 3. When did A. Vesalius get the degree of Doctor of Medicine? 4. When was his most important book on human anatomy "On the Structure of the Human Body" written? 5. What books does his work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consist of? 6. What did A.Vesalius study on cadavers and how? 7. What did A. Vesalius determine and establish? 8. Who considered that the left and the right heart chambers were connected by the openings in the septum? 9. What did the Russian scientist Pavlov say about the works written by A. Vesalius?

To help you understand the text about Andreas Vesalius and answer the questions related to it, let's break it down step by step. Here's a detailed solution: ### Summary of the Text The text describes an event from the 16th century involving Andreas Vesalius, a well-known Spanish researcher and physician. He was tasked with dissecting a corpse to determine the cause of death. To everyone’s shock, the corpse's heart was still beating when it was opened. This realization raised questions about how a healthy-looking heart could still function post-mortem, reflecting the limited medical knowledge of that era. It was only later understood that the heart has specific neuromuscular structures that can generate impulses independently, allowing it to contract for a short period even after death. ### Vocabulary Explanation Familiarize yourself with key terms from the vocabulary list to enhance comprehension: 1. **Researcher** - A person who investigates a subject meticulously. 2. **To dissect** - To cut open a body for the purpose of study. 3. **Corpse** - A dead body. 4. **To die** - To cease living. 5. **To find out** - To discover or learn information. 6. **To be horrified** - To be extremely shocked or afraid. 7. **Either** - Used to indicate a choice. 8. **Level** - A measurement of something. 9. **Low** - Not high or below average. 10. **To be able to** - To have the capability. 11. **Neuromuscular** - Relating to nerves and muscles. 12. **To depend on** - To rely on. 13. **To develop** - To evolve or progress. 14. **Particular** - Specific or distinct. 15. **Automatism** - A process operating automatically. 16. **Due to** - Because of. ### Answers to Questions 1. **What new did you learn from this text about Andreas Vesalius?** - Andreas Vesalius is recognized as an important figure in the history of medicine, especially for his work on human anatomy. The text highlights that he conducted a dissection that revealed the heart beating after death, showcasing the limitations of medical knowledge during his time. 2. **Why was Andreas Vesalius asked to dissect the corpse?** - He was asked to dissect the corpse to ascertain the cause of death of the man who had recently died. 3. **Why did everyone think that the man was alive?** - The presence of a beating heart during the dissection led to the misconception that the man was still alive. 4. **Why did the heart beat if the man was dead?** - The heart has specialized neuromuscular structures capable of generating impulses independently, allowing it to contract for a short time after death. ### Control Questions Answers 1. **Who is considered to be the founder of modern anatomy and physiology?** - Andreas Vesalius is regarded as the founder of modern anatomy and physiology. 2. **Where did Andreas Vesalius study medicine?** - He studied medicine at the University of Padua in Italy. 3. **When did A. Vesalius get the degree of Doctor of Medicine?** - He received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1537. 4. **When was his most important book on human anatomy "On the Structure of the Human Body" written?** - It was published in 1543. 5. **What books does his work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consist of?** - The work consists of seven books covering different aspects of human anatomy. 6. **What did A. Vesalius study on cadavers and how?** - He conducted dissections on cadavers to provide accurate anatomical descriptions, challenging many established medical beliefs of his time. 7. **What did A. Vesalius determine and establish?** - He established the importance of direct observation and dissection in the study of anatomy, correcting many inaccuracies in previous texts. 8. **Who considered that the left and right heart chambers were connected by openings in the septum?** - Ancient anatomists, including Galen, held this belief until Vesalius disproved it. 9. **What did the Russian scientist Pavlov say about the works written by A. Vesalius?** - Pavlov praised Vesalius's work for its precise study and impact on the understanding of anatomy. ### Conclusion By answering these questions and comprehending the text, you'll have a better grasp of both Andreas Vesalius's contributions and the historical context of his work in medicine. If you have any further questions or topics you'd like to clarify, feel free to ask!