Bruises and bleeding. First aid for them A bruise is a closed mechanical damage to internal tissues or organs without significant disruption of their structure. Bruises are characterized by the suddenness, rapidity and short duration of the traumatic factor. The bruises are mostly local in nature. The dermis and the vessels located under it are the most vulnerable, which leads to the formation of hematomas and edema. As a result of severe bruising, internal organs may be injured. First aid immediately after injury should be aimed at reducing pain and hemorrhage in the tissue. For this purpose, cold is applied and a pressure bandage is applied. A cold lotion is placed on the bruise area or an ice pack or a hot water bottle with cold water is placed on a pressure bandage. If there are abrasions at the site of the injury, lotions should not be done.   Bleeding is the outflow of blood from blood vessels into organs, tissues, into the natural cavities of the body or into the external environment. The victim needs urgent medical attention, as rapid and significant blood loss poses a serious threat to health and can lead to death. There are three types of bleeding. According to the increase in danger: Capillary - blood bleeds from the wound in a slow stream, does not threaten human life. Venous - in this type of bleeding blood occurs when the walls of the veins are damaged. From the wound of this type of slow continuous bleeding dark-colored blood flows out of the wound, because the pressure in the vessels of the veins is higher than outside the body. Arterial bleeding – is the most dangerous type of bleeding. It is life-threatening to the human body. If it’s a minor bleed allow some bleeding to take place as this will help clean the wound. Then wash with warm water and soap, apply a dressing to keep it clean, change the dressing every few hours, and monitor for signs of infection. If the bleeding is severe than apply the RED principle: Rest: make sure the person is resting so as to decrease the heart rate and blood pressure. Elevate: raise the injured limb above the heart to slow down the bleeding. Direct Pressure: put pressure directly over the wound to help control bleeding, tie the dressing in place. But, do not make the dressing too tight so as to restrict blood flow. Do not remove the dressing. Get medical help.   Ex. 1 True/False/Not stated 1. Arterial bleeding is most dangerous type of bleeding. 2. Venous blood is lighter than arterial blood. 3. To reduce the pain of a bruise, you need to apply something warm. 4. It is necessary to use antiseptics to treat bleeding. 5. The injured limb should be below the heart. 6. Bleeding can be external and internal.   Ex. 2 Add the missing letters 1. B.....e....n.. 2. ..r....s.. 3. ..a....i....a..y 4. m....i....a.. 5. ..nj..r..   Ex. 3 Answer the questions 1. What types of bleeding are there? 2. What should I do with a bruise? 3. What should I do with severe bleeding? 4. What is bleeding?