Read the eleven descriptions which follow, using your dictionary as and when necessary. What is the disease or illness being described in each case? 1.A disorder of the nervous system in which there are convulsions and loss of consciousness due to disordered discharge of cerebral neurons. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.A condition where tissues die and decay, as a result of bacterial action, because the blood supply has been lost through injury or disease of the artery. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.A condition where the lens of the eye gradually becomes hard and opaque. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.A progressive nervous disorder without a known cause which is a type of Parkinsonism, the main symptoms of which are trembling hands, a slow shuffling walk and difficulty in speaking. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.An infectious disease in which infected lumps form in the tissue. Its commonest form is infection of the lungs, causing patients to lose weight, cough blood and have a fever. It is caught by breathing in germs or by eating contaminated food, especially unpasteurised milk. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6.A hereditary disease in which there is malfunction of the exocrine glands such as the pancreas, in particular those which secrete mucus, causing respiratory difficulties, male infertility and malabsorption of food from the gastrointestinal tract. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7.A progressive disease of the liver, often associated with alcoholism, in which healthy cells are replaced by scar tissue. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8.A serious, infectious disease of children. Its first symptoms are a sore throat, followed by a slight fever, rapid pulse and swelling of the glands in the neck. A fibrous growth like a membrane forms in the throat and can close the air passages. The disease is often fatal, either because the patient is asphyxiated or because the heart becomes fatally weakened. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9.A disorder of the brain, mainly due to brain damage occurring before birth, or due to lack of oxygen during birth. The patient may have bad coordination of muscular movements, impaired speech, hearing and sight, and sometimes mental retardation. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10.Inflammation of the membrane lining the intestines and the stomach, caused by a viral infection, and resulting in diarrhoea and vomiting. …………………………………………………… решение на английском

Certainly! Here is a detailed explanation and answer for each description: 1. A disorder of the nervous system in which there are convulsions and loss of consciousness due to disordered discharge of cerebral neurons. **Answer:** **Epilepsy** **Explanation:** Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, leading to convulsions and loss of consciousness. 2. A condition where tissues die and decay, as a result of bacterial action, because the blood supply has been lost through injury or disease of the artery. **Answer:** **Gangrene** **Explanation:** Gangrene occurs when tissue necrosis (death) results from a lack of blood flow, often due to bacterial infection, usually caused by injury or vascular disease. 3. A condition where the lens of the eye gradually becomes hard and opaque. **Answer:** **Cataract** **Explanation:** Cataracts involve clouding of the eye's lens, leading to decreased vision. It generally develops slowly with age. 4. A progressive nervous disorder without a known cause which is a type of Parkinsonism, the main symptoms of which are trembling hands, a slow shuffling walk, and difficulty in speaking. **Answer:** **Parkinson’s Disease** **Explanation:** Parkinson’s is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. 5. An infectious disease in which infected lumps form in the tissue. Its commonest form is infection of the lungs, causing patients to lose weight, cough blood, and have a fever. It is caught by breathing in germs or by eating contaminated food, especially unpasteurised milk. **Answer:** **Tuberculosis** **Explanation:** Tuberculosis is caused by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, typically affecting the lungs and spreading via respiratory droplets. 6. A hereditary disease in which there is malfunction of the exocrine glands such as the pancreas, in particular those which secrete mucus, causing respiratory difficulties, male infertility, and malabsorption of food from the gastrointestinal tract. **Answer:** **Cystic Fibrosis** **Explanation:** Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder affecting the exocrine glands, leading to thick mucus buildup affecting the lungs and digestive system. 7. A progressive disease of the liver, often associated with alcoholism, in which healthy cells are replaced by scar tissue. **Answer:** **Cirrhosis** **Explanation:** Cirrhosis involves chronic liver damage leading to fibrous scar tissue replacing healthy liver tissue, often caused by alcohol abuse or viral hepatitis. 8. A serious, infectious disease of children. Its first symptoms are a sore throat, followed by a slight fever, rapid pulse, and swelling of the glands in the neck. A fibrous growth like a membrane forms in the throat and can close the air passages. The disease is often fatal, either because the patient is asphyxiated or because the heart becomes fatally weakened. **Answer:** **Diphtheria** **Explanation:** Diphtheria is caused by *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*, characterized by a thick membrane in the throat, which can obstruct breathing. 9. A disorder of the brain, mainly due to brain damage occurring before birth, or due to lack of oxygen during birth. The patient may have poor coordination of muscular movements, impaired speech, hearing, and sight, and sometimes mental retardation. **Answer:** **Cerebral Palsy** **Explanation:** Cerebral palsy results from brain damage before, during, or shortly after birth, causing motor impairments and developmental delays. 10. Inflammation of the membrane lining the intestines and the stomach, caused by a viral infection, and resulting in diarrhoea and vomiting. **Answer:** **Gastroenteritis** **Explanation:** Gastroenteritis, often caused by viruses like norovirus or rotavirus, leads to inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. --- If you need further clarification or additional explanations, feel free to ask!