Exercise 5. Insert one of the words in brackets. 1. We haven't... black stockings (no, any). 2 They have... red boots. Kate (any, no). 3. I don't want today, thank you (nothing,…

Ниже решение и пояснения к упражнениям 5 и 6 по теме неопределенных местоимений (some/any/nothing/anything) и образования отрицательных и вопросительных форм в Present Perfect и Simple Present.

Общие правила (коснёмся перед ответами):

• В утвердительных предложениях часто употребляем что-то вроде something, somebody, somebody, some books и т. п.
• В отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях чаще используют any/anybody/anything вместо something/some и т. п.:
  • отрицание: have/has + not + any, или do/does + not + have + any, и т. д.
  • вопрос: auxiliary перед.Subject + main verb; в большинстве случаев с any/anybody/anything.
• Для Simple Present с глаголами "have/has" в вопросах и отрицаниях используем do/does (правая форма). Для Present Perfect используем have/has (без do/does) и отрицание with not.

Exercise 5. Вставьте одно из слов в скобках.

1. We haven't ... black stockings (no, any).

• Правильно: We haven't any black stockings.
• Пояснение: после отрицания haven't используется any.

2. They have ... red boots. Kate (any, no).

• Правильно: They have no red boots. Kate has no red boots.
• Пояснение: после have/has в отрицании часто ставят no или not any. Kate здесь тоже в отрицании.

3. I don't want today, thank you (nothing, anything).

• Правильно: I don't want anything today, thank you.
• Пояснение: после отрицания don't/doesn't используем anything.

4. "I haven't got ... clean exercise books, Mother," said the boy (any, no).

• Правильно: "I haven't got any clean exercise books, Mother," said the boy.
• Пояснение: после haven't got — any.

5. "We shall not buy... in this shop, children," said the mother (nothing, anything).

• Правильно: "We shall not buy anything in this shop, children," said the mother.
• Пояснение: в утвердительной форме с отрицанием покупок — anything.

6. Didn't you buy... potatoes yesterday (any, no)?

• Правильно: Didn't you buy any potatoes yesterday?
• Пояснение: после отрицания didn't используют any.

7. I didn't see in the street when I went out (anybody, nobody).

• Правильно: I didn't see anybody in the street when I went out.
• Пояснение: после отрицания (didn't) используем anybody.

8. We did not play games in the yard because it was raining all day long (no, any).

• Правильно: We did not play any games in the yard because it was raining all day long.
• Пояснение: после отрицания в прошедшем времени используем any.

9. There is at home (anybody, nobody).

• Правильно: There is nobody at home.
• Пояснение: отрицание существования — nobody; если нужен вопрос/возражение — there is somebody, there isn’t anybody и т. п.

10. How much did you pay for these boots? I didn't pay ... (nothing, anything). They are a present from my grandmother.

• Правильно: I didn't pay anything.
• Пояснение: после прошедшего времени с отрицанием — anything/anything? Здесь естественно anything.

11. Have you lost (anything, nothing)? - No, nobody here has lost (nothing, anything).

• Правильно: Have you lost anything? - No, nobody here has lost anything.
• Пояснение: в вопросах используем anything; во второй части ответ — anything.

Exercise 6. Сделайте отрицательную и вопросительную формы.

Примечание: в примерах ниже в скобках я даю указанный вариант, который чаще всего считается правильным в стандартном английском.

1. They have done something.

• Negative: They haven't done anything.
• Interrogative: Have they done anything? Пояснение: Present Perfect. В отрицании и вопросе чаще используются anything или anything/anything в зависимости от контекста.

2. He has given them some money.

• Negative: He hasn't given them any money.
• Interrogative: Has he given them any money?

3. You have brought something for us.

• Negative: You haven't brought anything for us.
• Interrogative: Have you brought anything for us?

4. I have taken some English books from you.

• Negative: I haven't taken any English books from you.
• Interrogative: Have I taken any English books from you?

5. She was reading something.

• Negative: She wasn't reading anything.
• Interrogative: Was she reading anything?

6. He has written a letter to somebody.

• Negative: He hasn't written a letter to anybody.
• Interrogative: Has he written a letter to anybody?

7. Somebody by the name of Petrov lives on the third floor.

• Negative: Nobody by the name of Petrov lives on the third floor.
• Interrogative: Does anybody by the name of Petrov live on the third floor?

8. They have some English books.

• Negative: They don't have any English books. (или: They haven't any English books.)
• Interrogative: Do they have any English books?

9. There are some tall trees in front of their house.

• Negative: There aren't any tall trees in front of their house.
• Interrogative: Are there any tall trees in front of their house?

10. Peter has something in his box.

• Negative: Peter doesn't have anything in his box.
• Interrogative: Does Peter have anything in his box?

11. There are some parks in this town.

• Negative: There aren't any parks in this town.
• Interrogative: Are there any parks in this town?

12. There are some good bookshops in our district.

• Negative: There aren't any good bookshops in our district.
• Interrogative: Are there any good bookshops in our district?

Если хочешь, могу привести ещё больше примеров по каждому правилу или сделать небольшую памятку с образцами для самостоятельной отработки.