How do our outdoor activities impact wildlife? Do you love seeing wildlife when you're wandering around in the woods? Like a majestic deer, or a beautiful bird? Well, the love might not be very mutual. In fact, many animals avoid us, even if we don't mean any harm. So, what impact do our outdoor activities have on wildlife? We set out to answer this question by radio tracking the whereabouts of red deer and capercaillie (also called wood grouse -- a kind of bird) in the Black Forest in Germany. More and more people are enjoying the outdoors, either hiking and biking in the summer, or skiing and snowshoeing in the winter. Many of us think it's a treat to catch a glimpse of wildlife, like a deer, a chipmunk, or a bird, while stomping around in the woods. But the wildlife we encounter is usually not quite as excited to see us. In fact, many animals associate humans with danger and run away or avoid areas with people all together (unless the animals are used to seeing us around or even attracted to us because they expect food). So how are animals affected by all our outdoor fun? Students set out to study two specific examples in the Black Forest in Germany: red deer and capercaillie, a large wood grouse. Red deer, the largest animals in the Black Forest, are pretty common, but capercaillie are so rare that they are locally threatened by extinction. In some parts of the Black Forest management zones have been designated to reduce potential conflicts between humans and wildlife. They limit outdoor activities at certain areas and times of the year. One of our goals was to measure the animals' response to recreation activities in these areas and to see if the red deer management plan is appropriate. We found that capercaillie and red deer were affected by trails within their habitat. Both animals avoided trails, but their behavior depended on season of the year or even time of the day. For instance, red deer avoided hiking trails only during the day (when people are using them). But they actually preferred areas near trails during the night to eat food that was off limits to them during the day. The extent to which both animals avoided people or trails changed throughout the year: in the summer, capercaillie avoided areas close to hiking trails up to a distance of 145 m. In the winter, however, with less vegetation in which to hide, the animals' distance to hiking and skiing areas more than doubled (to about 320 m). especially in areas without bushes to hide in. Of the entire habitat of the capercaillie that we studied, we estimate that 8 to 20% (in summer) and 8 to 40% (in winter) were affected by outdoor recreation, mainly in higher altitudes. When we use green spaces like forests or nature reserves for recreation, we need to be mindful that we are guests in the homes and territories of animals that live there. Even when we don't actively try to scare animals, our mere presence can make them avoid certain areas. Nature reserves therefore need to be carefully managed to keep both people and animals happy, And in order to minimize potential harm for wild creatures in the woods, we need to respect specific rules of the wild places we visit, like staying on trails, not picking plants or feeding wildlife. 10 Many animals like people as much as people like them. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated Ответ: 11 Three different species have been studied in terms of being affected by people's outings. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated Ответ: 12The Black Forest management restricts outings at some times and places. 1)True 2)false 3) Not stated Ответ: 13 The animals avoided trails especially in spring. 1)true 2) False 3) Not stated Ответ: 14 In winter all the animals find food in the bushes. 1)true 2) False 3) Not stated Ответ: 15 The animals kept a bigger distance from humans in the winter than during the summer. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated Ответ: 16 People visiting national parks should be careful not to do harm to nature. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated Ответ: 17 No special rules ought to be followed in the wild places. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated Ответ: