сделать конспект Can/could, may/might, must/had to, ought to, shall/should, will/would: • don't take-s, -ing or -ed affixes. • are followed by the bare infinitive. • come before…

Сделать конспект Can/could, may/might, must/had to, ought to, shall/should, will/would: • don't take-s, -ing or -ed affixes. • are followed by the bare infinitive. • come before the subject in questions and are followed by not in negations. • don't have tenses in the normal sense. When followed by a normal bare infinitive, they refer to an uncompleted action or state (i.e. present or future); when followed by the bare perfect infinitive, they refer to a completed action or state. Obligation/Duty/Necessity: must/have to/should/ ought to • Must: Expresses duty/strong obligation to do sth, shows that sth is essential. We generally use must when the speaker himself has decided that sth is necessary (i.e. subjective). I must contact the school for further information. • Have to: Expresses strong necessity/obligation. We usually use have to when objective circumstances make us do something. He has to get up early as his classes start at 7:30 am. • Had to is the past form of both must and have to. • Should/Ought to: Expresses duty or weak obligation. We should clear away the mess in the kitchen. Absence of necessity: don't have to/need • Don't have to/Don't need to/Needn't: Express something which isn't necessary to do in the present/future. You don't have to dress formally today. You don't need to go if you don't want to. You needn't wear your best clothes. • Needn't have done: Expresses something which wasn't necessary to do in the past but it was done. You needn't have cooked so much food. We weren't hungry. (It wasn't necessary for you to cook, but you did it.) • Didn't have to: Expresses something which wasn't necessary to do. We don't know if it was done or not. He didn't have to invite everyone to the party. (We don't know if he invited everyone.) Permission/Prohibition: can-can't I?/may-mustn't 1? • Can/May: Are used to ask for/give permission. May is more formal than can. Can/May I use your phone, please? Yes, of course, you can/may. • Mustn't/Can't: It is forbidden to do sth; it is against the rules/law; you are not allowed to do sth. You mustn't/can't park here. Possibility: can/could/may/might • Can + present infinitive: Expresses general/ theoretical possibility. Not usually used for a specific situation. Going to the gym can be boring. • Could/May/Might + present infinitive: Express possibility in a specific situation. She should take a map with her. She might get lost. Note: We can use can/could/might in questions BUT NOT may. How difficult can it be? • Could/Might/Would + perfect infinitive: Refers to sth in the past that was possible but didn't happen. He could have come with us, if he hadn't missed the train. Note the forms of the infinitive: Present simple: (to) play Present continuous: (to) be playing Present perfect simple: (to) have played Present perfect continuous: (to) have been playing Ability/Inability: can/could/was able to • Can expresses ability in the present/future. I can speak Italian fluently. • Could expresses general or repeated ability in the past. I could sing quite well when I was younger. Was(n't) able to expresses (in)ability on a specific occasion in the past. / was able to (wasn't able to) find all the answers to the questions.