Сделать краткий конспект Permission/Prohibition: can-can't I?/may-mustn't 1? • Can/May: Are used to ask for/give permission. May is more formal than can. Can/May I use your phone, please? Yes, of course, you can/may. • Mustn't/Can't: It is forbidden to do sth; it is against the rules/law; you are not allowed to do sth. You mustn't/can't park here. Possibility: can/could/may/might • Can + present infinitive: Expresses general/ theoretical possibility. Not usually used for a specific situation. Going to the gym can be boring. • Could/May/Might + present infinitive: Express possibility in a specific situation. She should take a map with her. She might get lost. Note: We can use can/could/might in questions BUT NOT may. How difficult can it be? Could/Might/Would + perfect infinitive: Refers to sth in the past that was possible but didn't happen. He could have come with us, if he hadn't missed the train. Note the forms of the infinitive: Present simple: (to) play Present continuous: (to) be playing Present perfect simple: (to) have played Present perfect continuous: (to) have been playing Ability/Inability: can/could/was able to • Can expresses ability in the present/future. I can speak Italian fluently. • Could expresses general or repeated ability in the past. I could sing quite well when I was younger. • Was(n't) able to expresses (in)ability on a specific occasion in the past. I was able to (wasn't able to) find all the answers to the questions. Couldn't may be used to express any kind of inability in the past, repeated or specific. I couldn't read or write when I was four. I wasn't able to/couldn't speak to him yesterday. Logical Assumptions/Deductions: must/might/ could/may/can't • Must = almost certain that this is/was true He isn't at work. So he must this his way home. John hasn't come yet. Something must have delayed • May/Might/Could = possible that this is/was true The computer is out of order. It may be broken. They were lucky. They could have been killed. • Can't/Couldn't = almost certain that this is/was impossible That can't be lan! lan has blue eyes and blond hair. Jim couldn't have cooked dinner. He's been at work since morning. Criticism: could/should • Could: You could at least be polite to her. (present) You could at least have called to cancel it yesterday. (past) • Should: You should call them back. She should have told us. (but she didn't) Offers/Suggestions: can 1?/shall I?/can/could/would you? • Would: Would you like a cup of tea? • Shall: Shall I give you a lift? • Can/Could: We can go out. We could watch TV. Can I give you a lift? Probability: will/ought to/should • Will: He will call me tonight. (100% certain) • Should/Ought to: The weather should/ought to get better tomorrow. (90% certain; future only) Advice: should/ought to/shall • Should: I ought to general advice You should stop smoking. You ought to abide by the rules. • Shall: asking for advice Shall I enter the competition? • Certain verbs or expressions can be used with the same meaning as modals. These are: need (= must), You need to come as soon as possible. had better (= should), You'd better stay at home until you get over the flu. have (got) to (= must), l've got to see the doctor. be able to (= can), Will you be able to help me? used to (= would), Whenever Emma was upset, she used to walk out of the room.